Structs aur Classes

Ek struct related values ko ek naam wale type ke neeche saath mein group karta hai, jiske members name se directly accessible hote hain.

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

struct Person {
    string name;
    int age;
};

int main() {
    Person alice;
    alice.name = "Alice";
    alice.age = 30;
    cout << alice.name << " is " << alice.age << " years old" << endl;
    return 0;
}

Alice is 30 years old

class aur constructors

class har respect mein struct jaisa hi hai sirf ek cheez chhod kar: struct ke members by default public hote hain, class ke by default private. Ek constructor ek special member function hai, jiska naam class jaisa hota hai, jo instance banne par automatically run hota hai — yeh ek naye object ki initial state set up karne ki natural jagah hai.

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

class Person {
public:
    string name;
    int age;

    Person(string n, int a) {
        name = n;
        age = a;
    }
};

int main() {
    Person bob("Bob", 25);
    cout << bob.name << " is " << bob.age << " years old" << endl;
    return 0;
}

Bob is 25 years old

Aage: constructors aur RAII — woh ek idea jo idiomatic C++ mein garbage collector ki jagah leta hai.