Strings

std::string ek real owned, mutable string type hai — + se concatenate karna ek naya string banata hai, aur .length() iska size report karta hai. Rust ke owned String aur borrowed &str ke split ke bar-aks, C++ mein bas ek hi string type hai, jo zaroorat ke hisaab se value ya reference se pass hota hai.

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    string first = "Hello";
    string second = "World";
    string combined = first + ", " + second + "!";
    cout << combined << endl;
    cout << "length = " << combined.length() << endl;
    return 0;
}

Hello, World!
length = 13

Substrings

s.substr(start, length) ek naya string wapas karta hai jisme start index se shuru hokar length characters hote hain.

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

int main() {
    string s = "C++ Programming";
    string sub = s.substr(4, 11);
    cout << sub << endl;
    return 0;
}

Programming

Aage: structs aur classes — related data ko group karna, aur struct aur class ke darmiyan ka ek farq.